1. Introduction of optical moduleAs an important part of fiber optic communication, optical module is an optoelectronic device that realizes the function of photoelectric conversion and electro-optical conversion. To be precise, optical module is the general name of several types of modules, including optical transmitting module transmitter, optical receiving module receiver, optical transceiver module transmitter and optical forwarding module transmitter. Generally, the optical module we call generally refers to the integrated optical transceiver module, namely, optical transceiver. ① Working principle of optical transceiver Optical transceiver works in the physical layer of OSI model and is one of the core devices in optical fiber communication system. It is mainly composed of optoelectronic devices (optical transmitter, optical receiver), functional circuit and optical (Electrical) interface. Components of an optical transceiver Basic principle: the transmitting interface inputs an electrical signal with a certain code rate. After being processed by the internal driving chip, the driving semiconductor laser (LD) or light emitting diode (LED) emits a modulated optical signal with a corresponding rate. After being transmitted through the optical fiber, the receiving interface converts the optical signal from the optical detection diode into an electrical signal, After passing through the preamplifier, the electrical signal of the corresponding code rate is output. ② Key parameters of optical transceiver The key technical indicators of the optical transceiver mainly include: transmitting optical power, receiving optical power, overload optical power, maximum receiving sensitivity and extinction ratio. A. Transmitting optical power: refers to the optical power output by the light source at the transmitting end of the optical module under normal working conditions, which can be understood as the intensity of light, and the unit is w or MW or DBM. Where w or MW is the linear unit and DBM is the logarithmic unit. In communication, we usually use DBM to represent optical power, and the optical power of 0dbm corresponds to 1MW.B. Receiving optical power: refers to the average optical power range that can be received by the receiving end component under the condition of a certain bit error rate (BER = 10-12). The upper limit value is the overload optical power, and the lower limit value is the maximum value of reception sensitivity.C. Overload optical power: also known as saturated optical power, it refers to the maximum input average optical power that can be received by the receiver component when a certain bit error rate (BER = 10-12) is maintained at a certain transmission rate (unit: DBM). It should be noted that the photocurrent saturation of the photodetector will occur under strong light irradiation. Therefore, strong light irradiation should be avoided as far as possible to prevent exceeding the saturated light power.D. Receiving sensitivity: refers to the minimum average input optical power that can be received by the receiving end component when a certain bit error rate (BER = 10-12) is maintained at a certain transmission rate (unit: DBM). Generally, the higher the rate, the worse the reception sensitivity, that is, the greater the minimum received optical power, and the higher the requirements for the receiving devices of the optical transceiver.E. Extinction ratio (EXT): it is one of the important parameters used to measure the quality of optical modules. It refers to the ratio of the optical power P1 (when the laser emits all "1" codes) to P0 (when the laser emits all "0" codes) under the condition of full modulation, and the unit is dB. It is not that the greater the extinction ratio, the better the quality of the optical module, but that the optical module with an extinction ratio can meet the IEEE 802.3 standard is the better. ③ Example of optical transceiver information on the switch: Cisco switch interface optical transceiver information: Huawei switch interface optical transceiver information:2. Classification and packaging(form-factor) of optical transceivers ① Transmission rate: The current common types of optical modules are as follows:400GE optical module200GE optical module100GE optical module40GE optical module25GE Optical Module10GE Optical ModuleGE Optical ModuleFE Optical Module ② Form-factors: The higher the transmission rate, the more complex the structure, resulting in form-factors. For example, SFP/eSFP, SFP+, SFP28, QSFP+, CXP, CFP, QSFP28, etc. l SFP (Small Form-factor Pluggable) optical module: small pluggable SFP module supports LC fiber connector.l SFP + (Small Form-factor Pluggable plus) optical module: refers to the SFP module with increased rate. Because of the increased rate, it is sensitive to EMI and smaller than the SFP module.l XFP (10GB Small Form-factor Pluggable) optical module: "X" is the abbreviation of Roman numeral 10. All XFP modules are 10GE optical modules. The XFP optical module supports LC optical fiber connectors. Compared with SFP + optical module, XFP optical module is wider and longer in size.l SFP28 (Small Form-factor Pluggable 28) optical module: the interface package size is the same as that of SFP +, and supports 25G SFP28 optical module and 10G SFP + optical module.l QSFP+ (Quad Small Form-factor Pluggable) optical module: four channel small hot pluggable optical module. QSFP + optical module supports MPO optical fiber connector, which is larger than SFP + optical module. Fiber Mall 40G QSFP+ Optical Transceivers l CXP (120 GB/s Extended Capability Form-factor Pluggable) optical module: it is a hot-pluggable high-density parallel optical module standard. It provides 12 channels in the transmit and receive (TX / Rx) directions. It is only applicable to short-range multimode links.l CFP (CENTUM Form-factor pluggable) optical module: the size is defined as 144.75mm × 82mm × 13.6mm, which is a new optical module standard with high speed, hot-pluggable and supporting two applications of data communication and telecommunication transmission.l QSFP28 (Quad Small Form-factor Pluggable 28) optical module: the interface package size is the same as QSFP+, and supports 100G QSFP28 optical module and 40G QSFP+ optical module. ③ Single-mode or muti-mode? The optical fiber is divided into single-mode optical fiber and multi-mode optical fiber. The single-mode optical module is used together with the single-mode optical fiber. The single-mode optical fiber has wide transmission frequency bandwidth and large transmission capacity, which is suitable for long-distance transmission; The multi-mode optical module is used together with multi-mode optical fiber, and multi-mode optical fiber has mode dispersion defect, and its transmission performance is worse than that of single-mode optical fiber, but the cost is low. Therefore, it is suitable for small capacity and short-distance transmission. ④ Wavelength The central wavelength refers to the waveband used for optical signal transmission. At present, there are three kinds of common central wavelengths: 850nm, 1310nm and 1550nm.850nm: mostly used for short distance transmission (≤ 2km)1310nm and 1550nm: mostly used for medium and long distance transmission (>2km) ⑤ Transmission distance According to the different transmission distance of optical module, it can be divided into:Short distance optical module: ≤ 2kmMedium distance optical module, 10 ~ 20kmLong distance optical module: ≥30km.The transmission distance of optical modules is limited mainly because of the loss and dispersion of optical signals during fiber transmission. ⑥ Photoelectric module The photoelectric module is usually called electric port module or RJ45 SFP module. Unlike the optical module, the electric port module does not carry out photoelectric conversion. Through the switching of the electric module, the two optical interfaces can be connected with a network cable.RJ45 Copper SFP Module 3. Development and evolution of optical transceiversIn the current physical architecture network of mainstream data centers, Spine-Leaf (Clos network architecture) architecture is commonly followed. Usually 10GE interface is used as the access side server docking, and 40GE interface is commonly used for the uplink on the Leaf side. In large data centers, it has been common to use 25G as the mainstream access and 100G uplink. In scenarios requiring high computation and high bandwidth, GPU servers have been using 100GE and even 200GE access. Data center switch interconnects are evolving to large-scale 400GE interconnects.The development of Ethernet has undergone rapid changes from 1Mbit/s, 10Mbit/s, 100Mbit/s (FE), 1Gbit/s (GE), 10Gbit/s (10GE) to 40Gbit/s (40GE), 100Gbit\s (100GE), and with the rapid development of big data, smart cities, mobile Internet, cloud computing, network traffic has shown exponential growth. The thirst for continuous growth of bandwidth will require higher bandwidth rates, and optical modules will develop rapidly.
Fiber Optic Transceivers Optical Module Fiber Optic 2668 81 07/29/21RECENT POSTS
PARIS, April 25, 2024 /PRNewswire/ -- Zoomlion Heavy Industry Science & Technology Co., Ltd. ("Zoomlion", 01157.HK) proudly showcased its latest advancements at INTERMAT, held at the Nord Villepinte Exhibition Center in Paris from April 24-27, 2024. Themed "Greener Development, Brighter Future", the display featured approximately 30 cutting-edge products across seven major categories, underscoring Zoomlion's commitment to sustainable and intelligent product solutions. Zoomlion Shines at INTERMAT 2024 with a Vision for a Greener, Smarter Future The exhibit included a vibrant array of new-generation machinery such as engineering and construction cranes, concrete machinery, earth-moving equipment, aerial work platforms, and more, all noted for their high-end, intelligent, and eco-friendly features. A highlight was the R135-8RA tower crane, which incorporates major innovations such as remote safety inspections and equipment adjustments, demonstrating Zoomlion's leadership in smart machinery. Visitors at the Paris venue could remotely operate this crane, located over 8,000 kilometers away in Changde, Hunan, through 5G technology, experiencing the intelligent capabilities of Zoomlion's products firsthand. Aligned with the theme "Greener Development, Brighter Future," the showcase prominently featured new energy products including hybrid concrete mixers, electric aerial work platforms, and lithium battery industrial vehicles. It also highlighted energy-efficient technologies in pumps, cranes, and earth-moving equipment, reinforcing the company's dedication to low-carbon development. The company's strategic localization efforts are evident, with products like the 43X-5RZ concrete pump truck, which meets stringent European road regulations and CE certification standards. These adaptations ensure Zoomlion's offerings are well-suited to European market demands, emphasizing performance, technological innovation, and user-friendly design. Zoomlion is enhancing its European market penetration by strengthening synergies with subsidiaries such as CIFA in Italy and m-tec in Germany. On the first day of the exhibition, Zoomlion announced significant contracts with clients from Germany and Poland, with the contract value for concrete products alone nearing 100 million Yuan (US$13.8 million), marking a robust start. Over recent years, Zoomlion has capitalized on internet-based strategies to develop a unique end-to-end, digital, and localized global business system. This approach has propelled strong growth in international markets, with Zoomlion's products and services now available in over 140 countries and regions, supported by more than 3,000 localized employees worldwide. "Zoomlion commits to fostering sustainable and high-quality development in the construction machinery industry. As INTERMAT continues, we invite attendees to experience our innovative solutions firsthand," said Yuan Ye, Zoomlion's Assistant President. "We look forward to strengthening partnerships and showcasing our technological advancements that drive the global industry forward," Yuan added.
KUALA LUMPUR, Malaysia, April 25, 2024 /PRNewswire/ -- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) has been designated as Malaysia's Erasmus+ National Focal Point and celebrated the launch of the Erasmus+ Malaysia Hub in conjunction with the Ambassadors' Roundtable 2024, organized by UTM's International Office. UTM’s Vice-Chancellor, pictured here alongside some of notable figures at the launching of the Erasmus+ Malaysia Hub in conjunction with the Ambassadors’ Roundtable 2024 Themed "The Odes of Innovating Solutions: Transfiguring Globalization in Higher Education," the event was officiated by the Deputy Minister of Higher Education, YB Datuk Ts. Mustapha Sakmud, and featured a keynote address by His Excellency Mr. Michalis Rokas, Ambassador and Head of Delegation of the European Union to Malaysia, who highlighted the importance of the Erasmus+ Malaysia Hub. "The launch of the Erasmus+ Malaysia Hub by Universiti Teknologi Malaysia is a pivotal initiative that not only facilitates deeper bilateral relations between Malaysia and the European Union but also addresses broader global challenges," stated HE Michalis Rokas. "This hub stands as a testament to the power of educational and cultural exchanges to bridge significant gaps—be it in skills, understanding, or addressing sensitive global issues." With the support of the EU and the active participation of numerous ambassadors, this initiative is uniquely positioned to tackle existential challenges and promote international cooperation, marking a significant advancement in global educational diplomacy. Located at UTM Kuala Lumpur, the Erasmus+ Malaysia Hub will serve as a one-stop information and discussion center for all Erasmus+ Malaysia-related matters, aiming to enhance collaboration between universities and diplomatic missions in Malaysia, and offering guidance and mentorship to those in the higher education sector. According to UTM's Vice-Chancellor, Prof Datuk Ir Ts Dr Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, the selection of UTM as the Erasmus+ National Focal Point (ENFP) by MoHE is an exceptional honour for our institution. "We are grateful for this recognition and express our heartfelt appreciation to everyone involved", he added. He is also enthusiastic about strengthening bilateral cooperation between UTM and other institutions nationally and internationally. UTM currently leads four Capacity Building in Higher Education (CBHE) actions supporting international cooperation projects through multilateral partnerships and collaborates with 23 universities from nine countries on various Erasmus+ initiatives. "We welcome Vice-Chancellors and International Offices of Universities to collaborate with us to enhance our visibility in various Erasmus+ initiatives through joint work with esteemed institutions worldwide," he stated. With nearly 5,000 international students, UTM recognizes the importance of maintaining close and ongoing conversations with ambassadors to Malaysia, striving to strengthen, invigorate, and empower Malaysian higher education institutions toward global prominence. One hundred fifty participants attended the Ambassadors' Roundtable 2024, including 18 ambassadors, Vice-Chancellors, and representatives from university international offices across Malaysia. About Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM): Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) is a leading public research university in Malaysia, dedicated to advancing knowledge and nurturing future leaders. UTM is committed to excellence in education, research, and innovation, making a significant impact on society and industry. As a global institution, UTM is known for its cutting-edge research and its role in developing innovative solutions to global challenges.
BEIJING, April 25, 2024 /PRNewswire/ -- At Auto China 2024, CATL (SZ.300750) unveiled Shenxing PLUS—the world's first LFP battery that achieves a range above 1,000 kilometers with 4C superfast charging. Within eight months after the launch of the Shenxing superfast charging battery in August 2023, CATL has once again pushed the boundaries of LFP battery technology, ushering in the era of superfast charging for the whole industry. Dr. Wu Kai, chief scientist of CATL Shenxing PLUS Gao Huan, CTO of CATL’s China E-car Business CATL product launch 1,000-km Super-Long Range Ensures Worry-free Travel The Shenxing PLUS battery provides users with a super-long range driving experience, exceeding 1,000 kilometers, which means a trip from Beijing to Nanjing without recharging on the road. This allows new energy vehicles to not only meet commuting needs in urban areas but also accommodate long-distance inter-provincial travel. The 1,000-km pure electric range comes from continuous technological breakthroughs. The cathode of Shenxing PLUS is made with a granular gradation technology, which places every nanometer particle in the optimal position to achieve ultra-high compact density. The proprietary 3D honeycomb-shaped material is added to the anode, boosting the energy density while effectively controlling the volume expansion during charge and discharge cycles. The single-piece casing, which is an industry first, optimizes the internal space utilization, allowing the Shenxing PLUS cells to reach an unprecedented energy density level. At the system level, the Shenxing PLUS battery pack has a topological structure optimized on top of module-free CTP 3.0 technology, enhancing the packing efficiency by 7%. Through breakthroughs in materials and structure, the Shenxing battery system's energy density surpasses the 200 Wh/kg threshold for the first time, reaching 205 Wh/kg, making ranges over 1,000 kilometers a reality. Faster Charging Delivers 600 km on 10-minute Charge Aside from offering long range, Shenxing PLUS also charges fast. It can deliver a 600-km range in just 10 minutes of charging, far surpassing the usual batteries available on the market and realizing a true superfast charging speed of one kilometer per second. To achieve the leapfrogging of charging speed, Shenxing PLUS applies technologies including fast lithium-ion conductive coating, the addition of transition metal elements, and new nanometer encapsulation, rendering smoother and more efficient energy transmission between cathode and anode materials. CATL has expanded the overcurrent area and capacity of the terminals in the battery system to rapidly dissipate heat during high-current charging. In terms of BMS core algorithms, CATL's newly-developed AI polarization model can predict and control the charging current in real time, enabling faster and smarter energy replenishment. Superfast Charging Batteries + Network + Services Create a Closed Loop Ecosystem In addition to exceptional new batteries, CATL has also initiated the construction of the Shenxing Superfast Charging Network to build the largest superfast charging service platform in China. CATL is collaborating with industry-leading partners like Star Charge, YKC and Shudao New Energy to provide the most convenient and cost-effective mobility experience for more owners of cars powered by Shenxing superfast charging batteries. CATL is further planned to launch the industry's first Shenxing superfast charging vehicle owners club, operating in over 600 service outlets covering 271 prefecture-level cities in 31 provincial-level regions. It will provide Shenxing vehicle owners with roadside rescue, battery inspection and maintenance, and other services. On its journey of continuous expansion of scientific frontiers and the utmost pursuit of a better life, CATL is ushering in a superfast charging era for new energy vehicles with a closed-loop supercharging ecosystem by integrating superfast charging battery, network, platform, and services.
New DJI Agricultural Drones Launch Globally with Upgraded SmartFarm App SHENZHEN, China, April 25, 2024 /PRNewswire/ -- DJI, the world leader in civilian drones and creative camera technology, today announced the international launch of the Agras T50 and Agras T25 drones. Building on the popular Agras drone line, the T50 offers unmatched efficiency for larger-scale growing operations, while the lightweight T25 is designed to be more portable for smaller fields. Both drones are compatible with the upgraded SmartFarm app which offers powerful features for comprehensive aerial application management. DJI Agras T50 and T25 "As a global leader in agriculture technology, we aim to push precision agriculture forward with the latest DJI Agras drones for spraying and spreading. To date, over 980 million acres worldwide across over 100 countries and regions have been treated by DJI Agriculture drones," said Yuan Zhang, Head of Global Sales at DJI Agriculture. "With our proven solutions for crop protection, family farmers and large-scale growers can improve yields, reduce chemical usage, and cut costs, while minimizing environmental impact." Better Growth with the Agras T50 The Agras T50 is a flagship of efficiency and stability, born from a deep understanding of the demands of large-scale farming. It inherits a coaxial dual-rotor design and 54-inch propellers for next-level stability when carrying 40kg spraying or 50kg spreading payloads, which enables efficient spraying of up to 50 acres (21 hectares) per hour1. T50's dual atomization spraying system, with an increased flow rate of up to 16 liters per minute with two sprinklers and adjustable-sized spray droplets, is ideal for a variety of applications from fields to orchards. Easily converted to its spreading configuration, the T50 can carry 50 kg of dry granules and spread at a flow rate of up to 108 kg/min1 or 1.5 tonnes per hour1. This combination of power, precision, and versatility sets T50 apart as a top choice in agricultural drones, designed to meet the evolving needs of modern farming. Breakthroughs in Connectivity and Stability T50 features an upgraded four-antenna O3 Transmission system, extending the remote controller-drone connection up to 2 km1. For operations over mountains and other complex environments, users can deploy a DJI Relay to extend transmission range and stability for improved operation safety. Dual Radar and Dual Binocular Vision for Obstacle Bypassing and Terrain Following T50 features dual Active Phased Array Radars and binocular vision sensors. These work together to accurately reconstruct the T50's surroundings and detect nearby obstacles, for intelligent obstacle sensing and bypassing, and Terrain Following over slopes. Four Sprinkler Kit T50 can be equipped with an additional pair of centrifugal sprinklers, increasing flow rate to 24 liters per minute. This benefits tasks like orchard spraying that require a higher flow rate to penetrate dense canopies and treat the fronts and backs of leaves. 9-Minute Fast Charging T50 is powered by a DB1560 Intelligent Flight Battery, with a capacity of up to 30 Ah and 1500 charge cycles1. The D12000iEP Multifunctional Inverter Generator paired with the Air-Cooled Heat Sink enables 9-minutes1 fast charging, allowing for continuous operations with a pair of batteries. Agras T25 - Precision Agriculture in a Portable Package The Agras T25 packs all the advanced features of the T50 into a smaller, portable design. It can carry a 20kg spraying or 25kg spreading payload and includes the T50's top features like multidirectional obstacle avoidance, Terrain Following, ultra-fast battery charging, one-tap takeoffs, and automatic operations. This makes it perfect for solo use in small to medium-sized farms. DJI SmartFarm - Essential Agras Assistant The DJI SmartFarm app streamlines daily drone operations for crop protection and plot management with enhanced data visualization and reporting, a dynamic device management dashboard, and easy access to after sales support and learning resources on DJI Academy. Availability The Agras T50 and T25 can now be reserved starting April 25. Interested buyers can get pricing from local authorized DJI Agriculture dealers. Learn more: ag.dji.com/t50 and ag.dji.com/t25. 1 All data was measured using a production model in a controlled environment. For more information, please refer to our official website: ag.dji.com For more information, visit our:Website: ag.dji.comFacebook: facebook.com/DJIAgricultureTwitter: twitter.com/DJIAgricultureYouTube: youtube.com/@DJIAgricultureInstagram: instagram.com/dji.agras
